The NAACP in Palm Beach County
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) has shaped civil rights advocacy, voter registration efforts, and community organization in Palm Beach County for decades, with its local history intertwined with some of the most consequential — and tragic — episodes in Florida's civil rights record. From the martyrdom of state coordinator Harry T. Moore in 1951 to ongoing battles over voting access in the twenty-first century, the NAACP's presence in Palm Beach County reflects broader national struggles over racial equality, political representation, and the rule of law.
Background: The NAACP and Florida
By 1951, the NAACP was the only viable civil rights organization operating in Florida with the organizational capacity to challenge segregation, disenfranchisement, and racial violence at the institutional level.[1] The association functioned in a state where open hostility to Black political participation was commonplace and where efforts to register Black voters could — and did — invite violent reprisal. The Florida of that era was deeply segregated, and the NAACP occupied the front lines of any serious challenge to that order.
Harry T. Moore served as the Florida coordinator for the NAACP during this period, a role that placed him at the center of the state's civil rights activity and made him a target for those who opposed racial equality.[2] Moore organized chapters, pursued justice for victims of racial violence, and worked to expand Black voter registration across Florida's counties, including the Palm Beach County region. His work established organizational foundations that later local leaders would build upon in Palm Beach County and throughout the state.
Harry T. Moore and the 1951 Bombing
No event more dramatically illustrates the dangers faced by NAACP organizers in mid-century Florida than the Christmas night bombing of 1951. Harry Moore and his wife, Harriette Moore, were killed when a bomb detonated beneath their home in Mims, Florida — an act of racial terrorism that drew national attention and remains one of the starkest examples of anti-civil-rights violence in American history.[3]
The bombing occurred on Christmas Day 1951, the same holiday on which Moore had spent years rallying communities across Florida to the NAACP's cause. As the state's chief coordinator, Moore had made powerful enemies among those determined to maintain white supremacist political structures. His daughter, Evangeline Moore, survived and later became a spokesperson for her parents' legacy, dying in 2015 at the age of 85.[4]
The Mims bombing reverberated throughout the NAACP's national organization and focused attention on the precarious position of civil rights workers in the American South. For Palm Beach County specifically, it underscored the courage required of anyone who sought to expand the NAACP's reach and enforce the civil rights of Black Floridians. Moore's death did not extinguish NAACP organizing in Florida — if anything, it galvanized it — but it left an indelible mark on the organization's history in the state.
Local Chapter Organization in Palm Beach County
The development of a functioning NAACP chapter in Palm Beach County required sustained grassroots effort by local residents willing to build organizational infrastructure in a challenging political environment. Among those who contributed to this effort was Gertrude, a community member who helped organize a local NAACP chapter in Palm Beach County, encouraging fellow members of civic boards to collaborate with the organization and broaden its reach within the county.[5]
This kind of coalition-building — reaching across institutional boundaries to connect civic boards, local businesses, churches, and advocacy groups — was characteristic of how NAACP chapters consolidated influence in communities where formal political power remained largely inaccessible to Black residents. By persuading board members and civic leaders to engage with the NAACP, organizers like Gertrude helped translate national civil rights principles into local action, creating structures through which Palm Beach County residents could pursue legal redress, political representation, and social change.
The local chapter became a vehicle for community members to engage with issues ranging from employment discrimination to voting rights — concerns that the national NAACP was simultaneously pursuing in courts and legislatures. The Palm Beach County chapter's formation reflected a broader pattern of NAACP expansion across Florida during the mid-twentieth century, as the organization sought to establish a presence in every county capable of sustaining organized advocacy.
The NAACP's National Context and Palm Beach County
The national NAACP has frequently been a contested institution, subject to internal debate, leadership transitions, and external attack from both political opponents and, at times, those within the civil rights movement who favored different strategies. Leadership figures within the organization have spoken candidly about these tensions. One national figure, reflecting on years of service, stated: "I never turned my back on the N.A.A.C.P., even when the organization or Kelly Alexander was under attack."[6]
Such statements illuminate the organizational culture that shaped local chapters, including those in Palm Beach County. Loyalty to the NAACP's mission, even under pressure, was a defining characteristic of the association's leadership at every level. For local chapters in Florida — operating in the aftermath of events like the Moore bombing and amid continued resistance to civil rights advances — this ethos of commitment was not abstract. It was a daily operational reality.
The national organization's evolving leadership directly influenced the priorities and tactics available to local chapters. Changes in national leadership brought shifts in emphasis between litigation, legislation, and community organizing — shifts that were felt at the county level as chapters navigated their own specific political environments.
Voting Rights and Electoral Challenges
Voting rights have been a central preoccupation of the NAACP since the organization's founding, and Palm Beach County has not been exempt from the conflicts that surround electoral access in Florida. The county's elections supervisor has at various points been among the officials required to respond to changes in state voting law, including legislation passed in 2021 that created compliance challenges for election administrators across Florida.[7]
Such legislative changes have historically drawn scrutiny from civil rights organizations, including the NAACP, which monitors voting law modifications for their potential impact on minority communities. The 2021 Florida voting law placed Palm Beach County election officials in the position of scrambling to implement new requirements, a situation that advocacy groups and civil rights monitors watched closely for evidence of disparate impact on Black voters and other minority communities.
Florida's history of contentious elections — including the nationally prominent 2000 presidential recount that centered partly on Palm Beach County's ballots — has made the county a persistent focal point for debates about voting access, ballot design, and the integrity of electoral administration. The NAACP, both locally and nationally, has engaged with these questions as part of its core mission of protecting Black political participation.
The question of voter intimidation has also surfaced in Florida and Palm Beach County's political environment. In broader national legal battles, Democrats accused campaign officials and supporters of attempting to threaten minority voters to suppress turnout — allegations that reflect the ongoing relevance of the NAACP's voter protection work in communities like those served by the Palm Beach County chapter.[8]
Legacy and Significance
The NAACP's history in Palm Beach County is inseparable from the larger arc of civil rights in Florida and the American South. The sacrifices of figures like Harry T. Moore, who gave his life in the course of NAACP work, established the moral weight behind the organization's continued presence. The grassroots organizing of chapter builders like Gertrude translated that moral weight into durable institutional structures capable of advocating for the community over generations.
As Palm Beach County has grown and diversified over the second half of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, the NAACP chapter has remained a reference point for civil rights concerns — from employment and housing equity to educational access and, most persistently, voting rights. The ongoing battles over Florida election law ensure that the chapter's work remains contemporary rather than purely historical.
The national NAACP's resilience through internal disputes and external attacks, as documented by its own leaders, has provided a model for local chapters navigating comparable challenges at the county and municipal level. Palm Beach County's chapter operates within that tradition — shaped by the triumphs and tragedies of earlier generations, responsive to present conditions, and engaged with the enduring questions of racial justice that the organization was founded to address.
The story of the NAACP in Palm Beach County is ultimately a story about the persistent effort required to secure and defend rights that the law nominally guarantees but that have historically required organized, sustained advocacy to make real. From the Christmas night of 1951, when Harry and Harriette Moore died beneath the timbers of their bombed home, to the election law debates of the twenty-first century, that effort has continued without interruption in Palm Beach County.